Blema Woloŋmalɔi kɛ Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ Lɛ

AŊMA Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ agbe naa dani afi 400 D.Ŋ.B. afii lɛ ba naagbee. Yɛ afii ohai abɔ ni nyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ amli lɛ, Yudafoi woloŋlelɔi, titri lɛ Soferbii kɛ yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ Masoretebii lɛ kwɛ Hebri ŋmalɛi lɛ anɔ amɛŋmala ekomɛi pɛpɛɛpɛ amɛshwie shi. Shi kɛlɛ, aŋma Biblia mli woji ni etsɛ fe fɛɛ lɛ yɛ Mose kɛ Yoshua gbii lɛ amli, ni tsɔɔ akɛ afii akpe sɛɛ dani Soferbii lɛ ba shihilɛ mli. Akɛni nibii tamɔ kooloi ahe woji ni aŋmalaa ŋmalɛi lɛ yɛ nɔ lɛ tserɛɔ yɛ be ko sɛɛ hewɔ lɛ; akwɛɔ wolokpoi ni yɔɔ lɛ anɔ aŋmalaa eheei ashwieɔ shi. Mɛni ale yɛ blema woloŋmalɔi lɛ anitsumɔ he? Ani woloŋmalɔi ni he esa hi blema Israel?

Ŋshɔ ni Egbo Wolokpoi lɛ fãi komɛi ni yɔɔ lɛ ji blema Bibliai ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni yɔɔ ŋmɛnɛ lɛ ateŋ nɔ ni etsɛ fe fɛɛ, ni aŋmala wolokpoi nɛɛ ekomɛi yɛ afi 300 D.Ŋ.B. kɛmɔ afi 101 D.Ŋ.B. Nilelɔ kpanaa Alan R. Millard ní kaseɔ wiemɔi ni awieɔ yɛ Mediteranea ŋshɔkpɔ lɛ kpokpai anɔ kɛ blema nibii ni atsaa yɛ jɛmɛ lɛ ahe nii lɛ tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Bibliai ni aŋmala dani afi ni atsɔɔ yɛ biɛ lɛ shɛ lɛ eko kwraa bɛ shihilɛ mli.” Ekɛfata he akɛ: “Maji ni bɛŋkɛ lɛ awolokasemɔ baanyɛ aha wɔna bɔ ni blema woloŋmalɔi lɛ tsu nii amɛha, ni enɛ ni wɔɔle lɛ baanyɛ aye abua wɔ ni wɔle Hebri niŋmaai lɛ ahe saji kɛ ehe sɛɛnamɔi.”

Bɔ ni Blema Woloŋmalɔi lɛ Anitsumɔ Yɔɔ Ha

Afii akpei ejwɛ ni eho nɛ lɛ, no mli lɛ aŋmalaa yinɔsaji ahe woji, jamɔŋ woji, mla he woji, skulbii awoji, kɛ niŋmalɔi awoji yɛ Mesopotamia. Woloŋmalɔi askul hé shi, ni nibii ni atsɔɔ yɛ jɛmɛ lɛ ateŋ ekome ji bɔ ni akwɛɔ woji anɔ aŋmalaa ekomɛi pɛpɛɛpɛ ashwieɔ shi. Srɔtofeemɔ bibiibii komɛi pɛ woloŋlelɔi ni yɔɔ ŋmɛnɛ lɛ ena yɛ Babilonbii awoji ni aŋmala lɛ shii abɔ yɛ nɔ ni fe afii akpe mli lɛ amli.

Jeee Mesopotamia pɛ woloŋmalɔi hi. Wolo ko (The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East) lɛ tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Babilonnyo woloŋmalɔ ni hi shi yɛ afi 1500 D.Ŋ.B. afii lɛ amli lɛ baale bɔ ni woloŋmalɔi ni yɔɔ Mesopotamia, Siria, Kanaan, kɛ Mizraim lɛ tsuɔ nii amɛhaa, ni no hewɔ lɛ enaŋ naagba kɛ́ etee eetsu nii yɛ maji nɛɛ eko mli.” *

Beni Mose yɔɔ Mizraim lɛ, no mli lɛ abuɔ woloŋmalɔi anitsumɔ lɛ waa. Be fɛɛ be lɛ obaana woloŋmalɔi miikwɛ woji ni mɛi eŋmala lɛ anɔ amɛmiiŋmala ekomɛi amɛmiishwie shi. Samai komɛi ni aye yɛ Mizraim saŋi ko ni eye fe afii akpei ejwɛ lɛ he lɛ kɔɔ woloŋmalɔi anitsumɔ lɛ he. Beni wolo ni wɔtsi tã kɛtsɔ hiɛ lɛ wieɔ blema woloŋmalɔi lɛ ahe lɛ, ekɛɛ akɛ:  “Beni shɛɔ afi 1999 D.Ŋ.B. kɛmɔ afi 1001 D.Ŋ.B. lɛ, no mli lɛ amɛkwɛ woji ni wieɔ hiŋmɛigbelemɔ ni tee nɔ yɛ Mesopotamia kɛ Mizraim lɛ he lɛ anɔ amɛŋmala babaoo amɛshwie shi, ni amɛŋmala woloŋmalɔi anitsumɔ lɛ he gbɛtsɔɔmɔi kɛ mlai amɛshwie shi.”

‘Nitsumɔ he gbɛtsɔɔmɔi kɛ mlai’ nɛɛ ateŋ ekome ji akɛ esa woloŋmalɔ lɛ aŋma wolo ni ekwɛɔ nɔ eŋmaa eko lɛ he saji fioo yɛ nɔ ni eŋmaa lɛ mli. Nibii ni sa akɛ eje kpo yɛ saji fioo lɛ mli ji woloŋmalɔ lɛ kɛ tɛtao loo wolo ni ekwɛɔ nɔ lɛ nɔtsɛ lɛ agbɛi, afi nɔ ni eŋma, heni enine shɛ tɛtao loo wolo ni ekwɛɔ nɔ lɛ nɔ kɛjɛ, liamɔi abɔ ni emli niŋmai lɛ he, kɛ nibii krokomɛi ni fata he. Be pii lɛ woloŋmalɔ lɛ ŋmaa kɛfataa he akɛ: “Klɛŋklɛŋ nɔ ni aŋma lɛ nɔ mikwɛ miŋma ni no nɔŋŋ he mikɛto.” Saji nɛɛ haa mɔ naa akɛ blema woloŋmalɔi lɛ kwɛɔ ni amɛŋmalaa saji ni yɔɔ wolo ni amɛkwɛɔ nɔ lɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Nilelɔ kpanaa Millard ni wɔtsi etã kɛtsɔ hiɛ lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Mɔ baanyɛ ana akɛ woloŋmalɔi yɛ gbɛ̀i anɔ ni amɛtsɔɔ amɛŋmalaa nii, ni emli eko ji ni amɛkɛ nɔ ni amɛŋma lɛ aaato wolo ni amɛkwɛɔ nɔ lɛ he amɛkwɛ, ni amɛjaje tɔmɔi ni amɛbaana lɛ. Gbɛ̀i komɛi ni amɛtsɔɔ nɔ amɛŋmaa nii koni tɔmɔi akahi mli ji amɛkaneɔ liamɔi abɔ ni wolo ni amɛkwɛɔ nɔ lɛ mli saji lɛ hé kɛ emli saji lɛ afalɛ, ni amɛkɛtoɔ nɔ ni amɛŋma lɛ he akɛ ekɛ lɛ nyiɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ lo, ni woloŋmalɔi titri ni tsɔ nɛkɛ gbɛ nɔ amɛŋmala woji lɛ ji Masoretebii ni hi shi aaafee afi 1500 D.Ŋ.B.” No hewɔ lɛ, yɛ Mose kɛ Yoshua gbii lɛ amli lɛ, mɛi ni yɔɔ Mediteranea kpokpai anɔ lɛ yɛ gbɛ̀i anɔ ni amɛtsɔɔ amɛkwɛɔ woji anɔ amɛŋmalaa ekomɛi pɛpɛɛpɛ amɛshwieɔ shi.

Ani woloŋmalɔi ni he esa hi Israel? Mɛni Biblia mli saji haa wɔleɔ?

Woloŋmalɔi ni Hi Blema Israel

Mose da yɛ Farao we lɛ. (2 Mose 2:10; Bɔfoi lɛ Asaji 7:21, 22) Mɛi ni kaseɔ blema Mizraim maŋ lɛ he nii lɛ tsɔɔ mli akɛ, yɛ Mose wolokasemɔ mli lɛ atsɔɔ lɛ bɔ ni akaneɔ ni aŋmaa Mizraim wiemɔ lɛ, ni kɛ́ hooo lɛ atsɔɔ lɛ nibii komɛi hu yɛ woloŋmalɔi lɛ anitsumɔ he. Nilelɔ kpanaa James K. Hoffmeier wie yɛ ewolo (Israel in Egypt) lɛ mli akɛ: “Nibii yɛ ni yeɔ odase akɛ nɔ ni Biblia lɛ kɛɛ akɛ Mose le bɔ ni aŋmalaa nibii ni yaa nɔ kɛ gbɛfaa he saji ashwieɔ shi, ni  akɛ ele woloŋmalɔi anitsumɔ lɛ he nɔ ko lɛ ji anɔkwale.” *

Biblia lɛ wieɔ mɛi krokomɛi ni hi shi yɛ blema Israel ni he esa yɛ woji aŋmalamɔ mli lɛ ahe. Wolo ko (The Cambridge History of the Bible) tsɔɔ mli akɛ, Mose “hala maŋ onukpai ni le nikanemɔ kɛ niŋmaa . . . koni amɛŋmala saji ni kojolɔi taa shi yɛ he lɛ amɛshwie shi ni amɛkwɛ ni nɔ fɛɛ nɔ aya nɔ jogbaŋŋ.” Ŋmalɛ ni yɔɔ 5 Mose 1:15 lɛ mli mɔ ni ŋma wolo lɛ jɛ eŋma nɔ ni eŋma lɛ. Ekɛɔ akɛ: “Kɛkɛ ni [Mose] miŋɔ nyɛkutsei lɛ amli onukpai lɛ . . . miwo nyɛnɔ onukpai, mɛi akpekpei atsɛmɛi kɛ mɛi ohahai atsɛmɛi kɛ mɛi nyɔŋmai enumɔenumɔi atsɛmɛi kɛ mɛi nyɔŋmanyɔŋmai atsɛmɛi kɛ nyɛkutsei lɛ anɔkwɛlɔi.” Namɛi ji maŋ onukpai nɛɛ?

Hebri wiemɔ ni atsɔɔ shishi akɛ “[maŋ] onukpa” lɛ jeɔ kpo shii abɔ yɛ Biblia mli saji ni wieɔ Mose kɛ Yoshua gbii lɛ ahe lɛ amli. Woloŋlelɔi srɔtoi ewie akɛ nakai wiemɔ lɛ shishi ji “woloŋmalɔ ni ŋmalaa saji eshwieɔ shi,” “mɔ ko ní ‘ŋmaa nii’ aloo ‘eŋmalaa saji eshwieɔ shi’” aloo “maŋ onukpa ko ni yeɔ buaa kojolɔ ko yɛ saji aŋmalamɔ mli.” Bɔ ni Hebri wiemɔ nɛɛ jeɔ kpo shii abɔ yɛ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ, no mli lɛ ayɛ woloŋmalɔi saŋŋ yɛ Israel ni ákɛ beni ato maŋ lɛ no mli lɛ sɔ̃i ni jwere amɛnɔ lɛ fa.

Nɔkwɛmɔnɔ ni ji etɛ lɛ kɔɔ Israel osɔfoi lɛ ahe. Wolo ko (Encyclopaedia Judaica) tsɔɔ mli akɛ osɔfoi lɛ “asɔfoyeli kɛ nibii krokomɛi ni amɛtsuɔ lɛ biɔ ni amɛfee mɛi ni le nikanemɔ kɛ niŋmaa.” Ákɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, Mose fã Levi bii lɛ akɛ: “Daa afii kpawo naagbee lɛ, . . . kanemɔ nɛkɛ mla nɛɛ fɛɛ yɛ Israel muu lɛ fɛɛ hiɛ.” No mli lɛ osɔfoi lɛ ji mɛi ni kɛ Mla wolo ni akaneɔ ahaa maŋ lɛ toɔ. Amɛ amɛha akwɛ nɔ aŋmala ekomɛi ashwie shi, ni amɛ nɔŋŋ amɛkwɛ eŋmaa lɛ nɔ.—5 Mose 17:18, 19; 31:10, 11.

Susumɔ bɔ ni fee ni aŋma klɛŋklɛŋ Mla wolo lɛ afɔ shi lɛ he okwɛ. Beni eshwɛ aaafee nyɔŋ kome ni Mose baagbo lɛ, ekɛɛ Israelbii lɛ akɛ: “Gbi nɔ ní nyɛaafo Yordan kɛya shikpɔŋ ní Yehowa, o-Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ, ŋɔhao lɛ nɔ, akɛ ohole tɛi kpelei omamɔ shi, ni okɛ kaaloo amã he. Ni oŋma nɛkɛ mla nɛɛ wiemɔi lɛ fɛɛ yɛ amɛnɔ.” (5 Mose 27:1-4) Beni Israelbii lɛ kpata Yeriko kɛ Ai maji lɛ ahiɛ sɛɛ lɛ, amɛyabua amɛhe naa yɛ Ebal Gɔŋ ní yɔɔ Shiwoo Shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ lɛ nɔ. Yoshua kwɛ “Mose mla lɛ . . . nɔ eŋma [eko]” yɛ afɔleshaalatɛ ko ni amɛma yɛ jɛmɛ lɛ tɛi anɔ. (Yoshua 8:30-32) Anyɛ aŋmala mlai lɛ awo tɛi anɔ ejaakɛ mɛi lɛ le niŋmaa kɛ nikanemɔ. Enɛ tsɔɔ akɛ blema Israelbii lɛ ahe esa kɛ amɛwiemɔ lɛ ŋmaa kɛ ekanemɔ, ni no ye ebua amɛ ni amɛnyɛ amɛkwɛ ŋmalɛi krɔŋkrɔŋi ni amɛyɔɔ lɛ anɔ amɛŋmala ekomɛi pɛpɛɛpɛ amɛshwie shi kɛbaa yi.

Ŋmalɛi lɛ Ja

Yɛ Mose kɛ Yoshua gbii lɛ asɛɛ lɛ, aŋmala Hebri wolokpoi srɔtoi, ni akwɛ nomɛi anɔ akɛ niji ŋmala ekomɛi ashwie shi. Kɛ́ nɔ ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ bɔi tserɛmɔ loo ebɔi fuu lɛ, akwɛɔ nɔ aŋmalaa eheei atoɔ najiaŋ. Nifeemɔ nɛɛ tee nɔ afii ohai abɔ.

Eyɛ mli akɛ mɛi ni kwɛ Biblia lɛ nɔ amɛŋmala eko amɛshwie shi lɛ kwɛ akɛ amɛbaaŋmala nɔ fɛɛ nɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ moŋ, shi tɔmɔi komɛi kɛ̃ je kpo yɛ amɛniŋmai lɛ amli. Shi, ani tɔmɔi ni je kpo yɛ amɛniŋmai lɛ amli lɛ tsake Biblia mli sane lɛ hiɛ? Dabi. Akɛ blema Biblia ni akɛ niji ŋmala lɛ eto he akwɛ ni ana akɛ nakai tɔmɔi lɛ tsakeee Biblia lɛ mli sane lɛ hiɛ.

Kɛha Kristofoi lɛ, bɔ ni Yesu Kristo bu Biblia mli woji ni no mli lɛ ayɔɔ yɛ blema lɛ eha lɛ maa nɔ mi akɛ Ŋmalɛ Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ ja. Wiemɔi komɛi ni jɛ Yesu naa tamɔ “Ani nyɛkaneko yɛ Mose wolo lɛ mli?” kɛ “Ani jeee Mose ha nyɛ mla lɛ?” tsɔɔ akɛ ebu Biblia mli woji ni yɔɔ beni eba shikpɔŋ nɔ lɛ akɛ eja. (Marko 12:26; Yohane 7:19) Kɛfata he lɛ, Yesu ma nɔ mi akɛ Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ fɛɛ ja, efee nakai beni ewie akɛ: “Ja nii fɛɛ ni aŋma yɛ Mose mla lɛ kɛ Gbalɔi lɛ kɛ Lalai lɛ amli yɛ mihewɔ lɛ na ba mli” lɛ.—Luka 24:44.

No hewɔ lɛ, wɔbaanyɛ wɔná nɔmimaa akɛ Ŋmalɛ Krɔŋkrɔŋ ni aŋma kɛjɛ blema ni wɔnine eshɛ nɔ ŋmɛnɛ lɛ ja. Nɔ ni Nyɔŋmɔ tsɔ emumɔ lɛ nɔ eha gbalɔ Yesaia ŋma lɛ eba mli pɛpɛɛpɛ. Eŋma akɛ: “Jwɛi gbĩɔ, ni fɔfɔi hu ŋãlãa: shi wɔ-Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ wiemɔ lɛ aaadamɔ shi kɛaatee naanɔ!”—Yesaia 40:8.

[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 18]

Mizraimnyo woloŋmalɔ ko ní miiŋma nii

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 19]

Aŋmala Biblia mli woji ni etsɛ fe fɛɛ lɛ yɛ Mose gbii lɛ amli