Kodi Kutchova Njuga Kuli Ndi Vuto Lanji?

“Pafupifupi anthu 290,000 a ku Australia ali ndi vuto la kutchova njuga ndipo amawonongetsa ndalama zoposa madola 3 biliyoni pachaka. Zimenezi sikuti zimangopweteketsa anthu a vuto lotchova njuga okhaŵa, koma zimapweteketsanso anthu ena pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ndi theka amene amavutika ndi khalidwe la otchova njugaŵa chifukwa amawawonongera ndalama zawo zonse, kuwathetsera mabanja, kudzipha ndiponso kuwawonongera nthaŵi kuntchito.”—Anatero J. Howard, nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Australia, m’chaka cha 1999.

JOHN, amene tam’tchula m’nkhani yoyamba ija, anakhala ndi vuto lotchova njuga. * Anasamukira ku Australia, kumene anakakwatira Linda, yemwenso ankatchova njuga. Koma vuto la John linaipiraipira. Iye anati: “Ndinachoka pomangogula matikiti a mpikisano n’kufika pomabetcha pampikisano wa anthu okwera mahatchi ndiponso kumachita njuga m’nyumba zochitira njuga. Mapeto ake, pafupifupi tsiku lililonse ndinkachita njuga. Nthaŵi zina malipiro anga onse ankathera ku njuga ndipo ndinkangokhala opanda ndalama iliyonse yoti ndingamalizire kulipirira nyumba yanga kapena kudyetsera banja langa. Ndinkatchovabe njuga ngakhale ndikawina ndalama zambirimbiri. Chimene chinkanditenga mtima kwambiri chinali kufuna kumangowinabe basi.”

Anthu onga John alipo ambiri. Zikuoneka kuti anthu ambiri akutengeka kwambiri ndi kutchova njuga. Magazini yotchedwa USA Today inanena kuti pakati pa 1976 ndi 1997, ndalama zotchovera njuga mololedwa ndi boma ku United States zinawonjezeka mosaneneka.

“Kale anthu ankaona kutchova njuga monga khalidwe loipa. Masiku ano anthu amaona kuti ndi maseŵera ongosangalatsa basi popititsa nthaŵi yawo,” inatero nyuzipepala ya ku Canada yotchedwa The Globe and Mail. Ponenapo chifukwa chimodzi chimene chinachititsa kuti anthu asinthe maganizo motere, nyuzipepalayo inati: “Anthu asintha maganizo chonchi chifukwa chakuti boma la ku Canada linalimbikitsa kwambiri komanso linawononga ndalama zochuluka kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuposa kale lonse ponenerera za kutchova njuga.” Kodi kulimbikitsa anthu kutchova njuga kwawakhudza bwanji anthu a m’madera ena?

Vuto la Kutchova Njuga Lakula Kwambiri

Malingana ndi zimene sukulu ya zachipatala ya Harvard Medical School Division on Addictions inanena pankhani ya kuzoloŵera zinthu zovuta kusiya, akuti m’chaka cha 1996 mwina panali “anthu aakulu 7,500,000 ndiponso achinyamata pafupifupi 8 miliyoni a ku America okhala ndi vuto lochepa kapena lalikulu kwambiri la kutchova njuga.” Chiŵerengero chimenechi anachilembanso mu lipoti lolembedwa ndi bungwe la National Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC), limene linaperekedwa m’nyumba ya malamulo ya ku United States. Lipotilo linanena kuti n’kutheka kuti anthu amene ali ndi vuto la kutchova njuga ku America ndi ochuluka kuposa pamenepa.

Vuto la kutchova njuga likuwonongetsa anthu a ku United States ndalama zokwana mpaka mabiliyoni ambirimbiri chaka chilichonse chifukwa amachotsedwa ntchito, amadwaladwala, amangodalira ndalama za boma chifukwa cha ulova komanso amalipira ndalama zambiri kuchipatala. Komabe kuchuluka kwa ndalamaku pakokha sikukusonyeza n’komwe mavuto amene anthu amakumana nawo chifukwa cha khalidweli; mavuto okhudza banja, anthu  ocheza nawo ndiponso anzawo akuntchito, mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kuba, kusoŵetsa ndalama zakuntchito, kudzipha, kuchitirana nkhanza kunyumba, ndiponso kuzunza ana. Atafufuza ku Australia anapeza kuti anthu okwana 10 angathe kukhudzidwa chifukwa cha munthu mmodzi amene ali ndi vuto la kutchova njuga. Lipoti lochokera ku National Research Council ku United States linanena kuti “munthu wapabanja mmodzi pa aŵiri alionse ndiponso mwana mmodzi pa khumi alionse anavutitsidwapo ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la kutchova njuga.”

N’chizoloŵezi Chochita Kutengera

Monga mmene alili matenda ena, zingaoneke kuti kholo lingathe kupatsira mwana wake vuto la kutchova njuga. “M’posavuta kuti ana a makolo amene amatchova njuga ayambe kuchita zinthu zoloŵerera monga kusuta, kumwa, ndiponso kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo angathenso kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu lotchova njuga,” linatero lipoti la bungwe la NGISC. Lipotilo linachenjezanso kuti “achinyamata sachedwa kukhala ndi vuto lochepa kapena lalikulu kwambiri la kutchova njuga poyerekezera ndi anthu akuluakulu.”

Dr. Howard J. Shaffer, amene amayang’anira chigawo choona za zizoloŵezi zovuta kusiya ku sukulu ya za chipatala yotchedwa Harvard Medical School Division on Addictions anati: “Pali umboni wochuluka  kwambiri wosonyeza kuti achinyamata ochuluka ayamba kutchova njuga, ndipo mwinanso ena akumatero ngakhale mosaloledwa ndi boma.” Pankhani yakuti anthu odwala matenda otchova njuga angadzathe kutengerapo mwayi pa umisiri wamakono wopezeka pa Intaneti, iye anati: “Ndikuona kuti umisiri wa zinthu zamagetsi udzasintha kutchova njuga monga mmene kusuta mankhwala enaake osokoneza ubongo otchedwa cocaine kunasinthira zinthu kwa anthu ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalaŵa.”

Nthaŵi zambiri malonda okhudza za njuga amawaonetsa ngati n’chinthu chosangalatsa chosabweretsa vuto lililonse. Koma achinyamata angavutike kwambiri kusiya njuga monganso kusiya mankhwala ena aliwonse osokoneza bongo ndipo njuga ingathe kuwachititsa zinthu zophwanya malamulo. Atafufuza ku United Kingdom anapeza kuti pagulu la achinyamata amene ankatchova njuga, “achinyamata 46 pa 100 alionse ankaba ndalama za makolo awo” kuti akatchovere njuga.

Ngakhale zonsezi zili apo, bungwe lina lotchuka pa nkhani za njuga linalimbikira kunena kuti kutchova njuga n’kwabwino ponena kuti: “Anthu ochuluka kwambiri a ku America amene amakonda njuga sapeza vuto lililonse chifukwa cha njuga.” Ngakhale mutamaona ngati kutchova njuga sikukuboolani m’thumba kapena kukudwalitsani, kodi kumakhudza bwanji thanzi lanu lauzimu? Kodi pali zifukwa zabwino zoyenera kupeŵera kutchova njuga? Nkhani yotsatira iyankha mafunsoŵa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

 [Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 4, 5]

Kodi Ndili ndi Vuto Lotchova Njuga?

Bungwe loona za matenda okhudza maganizo a anthu la American Pyschiatric Association linati makhalidwe otsatiraŵa amene ali patsamba 5 angathandize munthu kudziŵa ngati ali ndi vuto lalikulu la kutchova njuga (kapena ngati sangathe n’komwe kukhala popanda kutchova njuga). Akatswiri ambiri amavomereza kuti mukakhala ndi makhalidwe angapo otsatiraŵa, ndiye kuti muli ndi vuto la kutchova njuga, ndipo ngati muli ndi khalidwe limodzi lililonse pa makhalidwe ameneŵa, ndiye kuti n’kutheka kuti mudzakhala ndi vutoli.

 Kumangoganizira Nthaŵi zonse mumangoganizira za kutchova njuga, mumangoganizira za njuga zimene munatchova m’mbuyomo, n’kumakonzekera njuga za m’tsogolo, kapena kuganizira njira zopezera ndalama zokatchovera njuga.

Kuluza Mulibe Nako Ntchito Mumafuna kubetcha ndalama zochuluka kuti njugayo ifike pokusangalatsanidi.

Kunyong’onyeka M’thupi Umangonyong’onyeka kapena osamva bwino m’thupi ukamayesa kukhala masiku ena osatchovako njuga kapena ukalekeratu.

Kuiwala Mavuto Mumatchova njuga chifukwa chofuna kuiwalako mavuto kapena kupezako chinthu chinachake chochita, chifukwa cha kudziimba mlandu, nkhaŵa, kapena maganizo opweteketsa mutu.

Nkhakamira Mukaluza ndalama potchova njuga, nthaŵi zambiri mumabwererakonso tsiku lina n’cholinga chofuna kubweza. Uku n’kumene amakutcha kuti kukakamira pofuna kubweza ndalama zako.

Kunama Mumanamiza achibale, madokotala ofuna kukuthandizani, kapenanso anthu ena kuti musadziŵike kuti mumatchova kwambiri njuga.

Kulephera kudziletsa Mwakhala mukuyesetsa kambirimbiri koma mwalephera kuti musiye, kapena kuti mudziletse, kapenanso kuti muchepetseko kutchova njuga.

Kuphwanya lamulo Mwachitapo zinthu zophwanya lamulo, monga kubera, kuba, kapena kusoŵetsa ndalama, n’cholinga chokachitira njuga.

Kusagwirizana ndi anzanu ofunika Chifukwa cha kutchova njuga mwawononga kapena kuthetsa ubwenzi wofunika ndi anzanu, mwayi wochita maphunziro akusukulu kapena wophunzira ntchito, kapenanso mwawononga ntchito imene.

Kukuwombolani Mwakhala mukudalira ena kuti akupatseni ndalama zokalipirira ngongole yaikulu imene munatenga chifukwa cha njuga.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Ananena mfundozi ndi mabungwe ofufuza zinthu otchedwa National Opinion Research Center of the University of Chicago, Gemini Research, ndi The Lewin Group.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Zimene Kwenikweni Amakhala Akunena Akamaitanira Mipikisano

“Kulimbikitsa anthu kuchita mpikisano . . . kungaonedwe ngati n’kuwaphunzitsa anthu zinthu zoyenera, kuwaphunzitsa kuti kutchova njuga kulibe vuto lililonse kapena kuti ndi khalidwe labwino kwambiri,” anatero ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite yotchedwa Duke ku United States mu lipoti limene linaperekedwa ku bungwe lofufuza za mmene kutchova njuga kumakhudzira anthu, lotchedwa National Gambling Impact Study Commission. Kodi kunenerera malonda okhudza mpikisano wochita mphumi kumakhudza bwanji anthu? Lipotilo linanena kuti: “Mwina sikukokomeza kunena kuti uthenga wakuti anthu akhoza kupambana akasankha nambala yoyenera umene amauza anthu ponenerera mpikisano, ndi uthenga wowanyenga anthu. Njira ‘yophunzitsa’ anthu mwachinyengo imeneyi imene ikufalitsidwa ndi mabungwe otchova njuga, kwenikweni m’kupita kwa nthaŵi ingathe kusaukitsa boma pochititsa kuti chuma chisamayende bwino. Makamaka ngati kulimbikitsa anthu kuchita mpikisano kukuwagwetsa mphwayi anthuwo kuti asamagwire ntchito, kusunga ndalama, ndiponso kudzilipirira maphunziro enaake, mapeto ake ntchito zimene anthu amachita sizingayende bwino. Ndiponsotu, nthaŵi zambiri sitiphunzitsa ana athu kuti zinthu zimakuyendera bwino chifukwa cha mwayi basi.”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Kutchovera Njuga pa Khomo Lililonse

Tsopano mabungwe otchova njuga akonza njira zapakompyuta zothandiza kuti nyumba iliyonse imene ili ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ku Intaneti ingathe kusanduka nyumba yotchoveramo njuga ndipo zimenezi zawatengera ndalama zochepa kwambiri poyerekezera ndi ndalama zomangira nyumba zenizeni zotchoveramo njuga. Cha m’katikati mwa zaka za m’ma 1990, pa Intaneti pankapezeka njira zoterezi mwina zokwana 25. M’chaka cha 2001 zinalipo 1,200, ndipo ndalama zimene kutchova njuga m’njira imeneyi kumapanga zakhala zikuchuluka moŵirikiza chaka chilichonse. M’chaka cha 1997 njira zimenezi zinapanga ndalama zokwana madola 300 miliyoni. Mu 1998 zinapanga ndalama zina zokwana madola 650 miliyoni. M’chaka cha 2000, njira zimenezi zinapanga ndalama zopitirira madola 2 biliyoni, ndipo pofika chaka cha 2003 ndalama zimenezi “zikuoneka kuti zikhoza kudzawonjezeka n’kufika pa madola oposa 6 biliyoni,” linatero lipoti la bungwe lofalitsa nkhani la Reuters.

[Chithunzi patsamba 6]

Ena mwa mavuto amene vuto lotchova njuga limabweretsa ndiwo kusiya mabanja alibiretu ndalama iliyonse yoti n’kugulira chakudya

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Achinyamata amene akutchova njuga akuchuluka modetsa nkhaŵa

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

M’posavuta kuti ana a anthu amene sangathe kukhala popanda kutchova njuga adzakhalenso ndi vuto la kutchova njuga