Ibbaibbele Ndibbuku Ndyomukonzya Kusyoma—Cibeela 1

Egepita Muciindi ca Bbaibbele

Ibbaibbele lyakatola myaka iisika ku 1,600 kulembwa. Makani aakaindi aali mumo alimwi abusinsimi ziliswaangene amasi aayendelezya nyika yoonse aali ciloba aaya: Egepita, Asuri, Babuloni, Mediya a Persia, Greece, Roma alimwi, a Anglo-America. Cisi cimwi acimwi cilabandikwa mumulongo wazibalo zili ciloba. Ino zibalo eezyi zilembelwa nzi? Kutegwa zitondezye kuti Bbaibbele lilasyomeka akuti lyakalembwa a Leza alimwi akuti mulumbe wandilyo upa bulangizi bwakuti mapenzi oonse aaletwa abeendelezi ayakumana.

EGEPITA, icisi cizyibidwe akaambo kamayake (ma pyramid) alimwi amulonga wa Nile, cakali cisi cakusaanguna kweendelezya nyika yoonse muciindi ca Bbaibbele. Cisi ca Israyeli cakatalika ciindi cisi ca Egepita nocakali kulela. Musa, mulembi wamabbuku osanwe aamu Bbaibbele, wakazyalilwa alimwi akuyiila mu Egepita. Sena makani aakaindi alimwi azyintu zyakavwukkulwa zileendelana ancaakalemba Musa? Atulange-lange zikozyanyo zimwi.

Ibbaibbele Lilijisi Makani Aakaindi Asyomeka

Mazyina aabulemu alimwi amabala amwi. Makani aakaindi kanji-kanji alaambwa cakumanina muzilengwa, milawo alimwi amazyina aabulemu. Ino mbuti mabbuku obilo aakusaanguna mu Bbaibbele, Matalikilo alimwi a Kulonga mbwatondezya kuti aliluzi mumakani aaya? Kujatikizya makani aali mubbuku lya Matalikilo aamba Josefa mwana wa Jacobo, alimwi abbuku lya Kulonga, ba J. Garrow Duncan mubbuku litegwa New Light on Hebrew Origins bakaamba kuti: “[Mulembi wa Bbaibbele] wakalizyi kabotu mwaambo waku Egepita, zilengwa, zyintu nzyobakali kusyoma, buumi bwamuŋanda yamwami abulemu kubantu bajisi zyuuno zyaatala.” Bakayungizya akwaamba kuti: “[Mulembi] wakabelesya mazyina aabulemu kweelana ambobakali kwaabelesya kuciindi ncaakaalemba. . . . Kubelesya bbala lyakuti Farao aziindi ziindene-indene kutondezya kuti balembi bakalijisi luzyibo lwini-lwini kujatikizya zyintu zyamu Egepita nzyobakalemba mucizuminano cakale.” Alimwi ba Duncan bakaamba kuti: “Ciindi [mulembi] naamba zyabantu baunka kuli Farao, utondezya kuti bakali kutobela zilengwa zyakaliko kutondezya bulemu kumwami.”

Kuuma Zitina. Ciindi nobakali mubuzike mu Egepita, bana Israyeli bakali kuuma zitina zyabulongo bwakasangene abwizu, kutegwa zitina kazijatana. (Kulonga 1:14; 5:6-18) * Myaka iili mbwiibede musyule, bbuku litegwa Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries lyakaamba kuti: “Kunyina busena, [mulimo wakuuma zitina] nkoucitwa mbuli ku Egepita, kwalo zitina ziyuma azuba nkozicibelesyegwa asunu mumayake aamucisi eeci.” Alimwi bbuku eeli lilaamba “bana Egepita mbobabelesya bwizu nobauma zitina,” kutondezya kuti kaambo aaka kalembedwe mu Bbaibbele nkamasimpe.

 Kugela. Baalumi bana Hebrayo bakaindi tiibakali kugela malezu. Pele Bbaibbele litwaambila kuti Josefa wakalinyoola naa kugela malezu katanaunka kuli Farao. (Matalikilo 41:14) Ino nkaambo nzi ncaakagelela? Wakacita oobo kweelana acilengwa alimwi amulawo wabana Egepita wakali kwaamba kuti kuba aamalezu cakali kutondezya kuba aatombe. Ibbuku litegwa Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt lyaamba kuti: “[Bana Egepita] bakali kulikankaizya kuti bakali balondo akaambo kakugela malezu.” Alimwi buya, zyintu nzyobakali kubelesya mukugela mbuli mbeli, zimboni-mboni, atubelesyo tumwi, zyakajanika muzyuumbwe zyabana Egepita. Cilisalede kuti Musa wakali kubikkila maano kapati kutwaambo toonse ntwaakali kulemba. Alimwi oobo mbobakabede balembi bambi ba Bbaibbele bakalemba makani aajatikizya Egepita.

Makwebo. Jeremiya iwakalemba mabbuku obilo aa Bami, wakapa twaambo tugaminide kujatikizya makwebo aamabbiza ankalaki ngaakali kucita Mwami Solomoni abana Egepita alimwi abana Hiti. Ibbaibbele lyaamba kuti inkalaki yakali kuulwa “mali ansiliva aali myaanda iili musanu aumwi, alimwi abbiza . . . mali aali mwaanda amakumi osanwe,” naa cipaanzi camuulo wankalaki.—1 Bami 10:29.

Kweelana ancaakaamba Herodotus, syaazibwene mumakani aakaindi, uulembedwe mubbuku litegwa Archaeology and the Religion of Israel, alimwi azyintu zyakavwukkulwa zyakatondezya kuti makwebo aamabbiza ankalaki akali kucitwa mubulelo bwa Solomoni. Alimwi bbuku eeli lyaamba kuti “kucincana kwamabbiza . . . one ankalaki yomwe yaku Egepita nkobakali kucita” kuleendelana amyeelwe ilembedwe mubbaibbele.

Inkondo. Jeremiya a Ezara abalo bakaamba cacigaminina kujatikizya kusaalwa kwa Juda nkwaakacita Farao Sisaki kuti “mumwaka wasanu wabwami bwa-Roboamu [mwami wa Juda]”, naa mu 993 B.C.E. (1 Bami 14:25-28; 2 Makani 12:1-12) Kwaciindi cilamfwu, makani akusaalwa ooku akali kujanika buyo mu Bbaibbele. Mpoonya kwakajanika makani aamwi abwaanda bwa tempele yaku Egepita ku Karnak (Thebes wakaindi).

Makani aaya akali kutondezya Sisaki wakaimvwi kumbele aa leza utegwa Amoni, Sisaki kanyamwide janza kuuma bazike. Alimwi kwakali amazyina aaminzi yakazundwa yamu Israyeli, ibunji bwaminzi eeyi ililembedwe mu Bbaibbele. Kuyungizya waawo, abwaanda oobo kwakalilembedwe kuti “Muunda wa  Abramu”—imakani akusaanguna aaku Egepita aamba Abrahamu wamu Bbaibbele.—Matalikilo 25:7-10.

Mubwini, balembi ba Bbaibbele tiibakalemba zyintu zyakulengelezya buyo. Akaambo kakuti balembi aaba bakalizyi kuti balemba Ijwi lya Leza, bakalemba zyintu zyamasimpe nokuba kuti kucita oobo zimwi ziindi tiicakali cuuba-uba kuli mbabo—mbuli mumakani aa Sisaki naakazunda Juda. Ikulemba cakutainda mumbali kuli boobu kuliindene kapati ambobakali kulemba bana Egepita, balo ibatakali kulemba makani aamasimpe kujatikizya kulubizya kwabaleli babo.

Businsimi Busyomeka

Jehova Leza alikke Sikwaanza Bbaibbele, nguukonzya kwaamba masimpe kujatikizya zyakumbele. Mucikozyanyo, amubone mbwaakamusololela amuuya Jeremiya kuti alembe kujatikizya minzi yobilo ya Egepita—Memphis a Thebes. Munzi wa Memphis naa Nofi, wakali munzi uudumide mumakwebo, twaambo twacisi, alimwi abukombi. Nokuba boobo, Leza wakaamba kuti: “Nofi uyooba matongo, uyoopya mane ukabule bantu bakala mumo.” (Jeremiya 46:19) Oobo mbucakacitika. Ibbuku litegwa In the Steps of Moses the Lawgiver lyaamba kuti “milwi-milwi yamayake iyakanyonyoonwa mumunzi wa Memphis” yakabwezegwa abama Arabu bakazunda kutegwa baibelesye mumayake aabo. Lilayungizya akuti “mubusena boonse oobu bwamunzi ooyu wakaindi kunyina bbwe noliba lyomwe lilibonya.”

Munzi wa Thebes, iwakali kwiitwa kuti No-amoni naa kuti No buyo, awalo wakanyonyoonwa mbubwenya antoomwe aba leza mbobakali kukomba. Kujatikizya munzi ooyu, aciindi cimwi iwakali munzi mupati wa Egepita alimwi ibwakali busena bupati bwakukombela leza utegwa Amoni, Jehova wakaamba kuti: “Ncobeni njoouma Amoni . . . a-Farao, acisi ca-Egepita abaleza baco . . . Njoobaaba . . . mumaanza aa-Nebukadinezara mwami wa-Babuloni.” (Jeremiya 46:25, 26) Mbubwenya mbokwakasinsimwa, Babuloni wakazunda Egepita amunzi wakwe mupati wa No-amoni. Mpoonya, muleli wa Persia Cambyses II naakausaala alimwi munzi ooyu mu 525 B.C.E., wakawa, kumane wakanyonyoodwa limwi abana Roma. Masimpe, Bbaibbele liliimpene kapati amabbuku aambi aali oonse akaambo kakuti lilijisi businsimi busyomeka, eeci citupa kusyoma kuzyintu zyoonse nzyolyaamba kujatikizya zyakumbele.

Bbaibbele Lilapa Bulangizi Mbomukonzya Kusyoma

Businsimi bwakusaanguna kulembwa mu Bbaibbele bwakalembwa a Musa ciindi Egepita niyakali kulela nyika yoonse. * Businsimi oobu  bulembedwe ku Matalikilo 3:15 bwaamba kuti Leza uyoobikka “lunyungu,” naa mwanaakwe walo uyoonyonyoona Saatani “[a]lunyungu” lwakwe—aabo bacita zyintu zibi zya Saatani. (Johane 8:44; 1 Johane 3:8) Lunyungu oolu lwa Leza lwakajanika kuti ngu Mesiya, Jesu Kristo.—Luka 2:9-14.

Jesu uyoolela nyika yoonse, eelyo uyoogwisya bubi boonse alimwi amfwulumende zidyaaminina bantu. Muntu kunyina nayoodyaaminina muntunyina. (Mukambausi 8:9) Mbubwenya mbuli Joshua wakaindi mbwaakasololela bana Israyeli munyika yakasyomezyedwe, awalo Jesu uyoobasololela “bankamu mpati” bamuyoowa Leza “munyika yakasyomezyegwa” iinda kubota—yalo iyoobambululwa akuba paradaiso.—Ciyubunuzyo 7:9, 10, 14, 17; Luka 23:43.

Cisyomezyo eeco cibotu cituyeezya businsimi abumbi bwakalembwa muciindi ca Egepita wansiku. Kuli Jobu 33:24, 25, tujana businsimi bwaamba kuti Leza uyoofwutula bantu nokuba kuzwa kulufu kwiinda mububuke. Kuyungizya aali baabo bayoofwutuka mamanino abweende bwazyintu oobu, bantu banji bafwide bayoobusyigwa kuti bakapone abuumi butamani mu Paradaiso aanyika. (Milimo 24:15) Lugwalo lwa Ciyubunuzyo 21:3, 4 lwaamba kuti: “Tente lya Leza lili aabantu, alimwi uyookkala ambabo, eelyo bayooba bantu bakwe. Alimwi Leza lwakwe uyooba ambabo, Eelyo uyoosindula misozi yoonse kumeso aabo, alimwi lufwu talukooyoobako limbi, akwalo koomoka, kulila nokuba kucisa takukooyoobako limbi.”

Makani aakaindi alimwi abusinsimi busyomeka—mutwe wamakani ooyu uyoozumanana kubandikwa mucibalo citobela camulongo wamakani aaya, calo iciyoobandika kujatikizya cisi ca Asuri, ibulelo bwanyika yoonse cakatobela cisi ca Egepita.

[Bupanduluzi buyungizidwe]

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IBBWE LYA MERNEPTAH

Mumwaka wa 1896, basikuvwukula zyakaindi bakajana bbwe liitwa kuti ibbwe lya Merneptah mucuumbwe caku Egepita. Eeli bbwe lyakajisi makani ajatikizya mwami waku Egepita Merneptah waambwa kuti wakalela mumwaanda wamyaka wa 13 B.C.E. Abbwe eeli kwakalembedwe lwiimbo lujisi majwi aakuti: “Israyeli wanyonyoonwa, lunyungu lwakwe taluciiwo.” Aawa alikke mpaajanika makani aajatikizya Israyeli muzyintu zyakalembedwe mu Egepita yansiku kunze lyamu Bbaibbele.

Eelyo bbwe lyakalembwa ciindi nolyakali kulembwa Bbaibbele muciindi ca Babetesi alimwi makani aaya alilembedwe mubbuku lya Babetesi. Nokuba boobo, kwiimpana amakani abana Farao aakulumbaizya buyo, bbuku lya Babetesi lilaamba zyintu nzyobakacita kabotu bana Israyeli anzyobakalubizya. Kujatikizya nzyobakalubizya, bbuku lya Babetesi 2:11, 12 lyaamba kuti: “Lino bana ba-Israyeli bakacita bubi mumeso aa-Jehova, bakamanina Baala milimo [Ba leza babana Kanana]. Bakaleka Jehova Leza wabamawisi iwakabapozya munyika ya-Egepita.” Makani ali boobo atondezya kuti Bbaibbele lilasyomeka nkaambo lilaamba kulubizya kwabalembi balyo alimwi acisi cabana Israyeli.

[Credit Line]

Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com

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Zitina ziyuma azuba izyakali kuumwa kwiinda mukubelesya bulongo abwizu zicibelesyegwa asunu mu Egypt

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Zimwi zyazyintu nzyobakali kubelesya mukugela malezu bana Egepita—mbeli alimwi acimboni-mboni

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Mazyina aaminzi yabana Israyeli iyakazundwa alilembedwe abwaanda ku Karnak

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Eeci cibumbwa cipati cakawisigwa icijanika afwaafwi amunzi wa Memphis cakaliimwi kacili cilamfwu mujulu kwamamita aali 12

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Farao mwami wa Egepita; alimwi a Nero imwami wa Roma: Cifwanikiso cakafwotolwa kwiinda mukuzumizyigwa aba British Museum; Makani aalembedwe abwaanda kujatikizya ba Medi aba Persia: akazumizyigwa aba Musée du Louvre, Paris

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Zyakugelela: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY; Bwaanda bulembedwe ku Karnak: Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.; Cibumbwa caku Memphis: Cakazumizyigwa aba Daniel Mayer/Creative Commons