Nyankopɔn Asɛm—Sɛnea Tete Akyerɛwfo no Koraa So

EDUU afe 400 A.Y.B. no, na wɔawie Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no. Mfe a edi hɔ no, Yudafo nhomanimfo, titiriw Soferfo, ne akyiri yi Masoretefo no hwɛe sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛw Hebri kyerɛw nsɛm no pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nanso, wɔkyerɛw Bible nhoma a akyɛ paa no wɔ Mose ne Yosua bere so, mfe apem ansa na Soferfo no reba. Esiane sɛ na nneɛma a wɔkyerɛw saa nhoma no wɔ so no tumi sɛe ntɛm nti, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛw nhoma mmobɔwee no mpɛn pii. Dɛn na wonim fa akyerɛwfo adwuma a na wɔyɛ no saa bere no ho? So na akyerɛwfo a wɔn ho akokwaw wɔ tete Israel?

Bible nsaano nkyerɛwee a akyɛ paa a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ no yɛ nhoma mmobɔwee fã bi a wohui wɔ Po a Awu no ho. Emu bi wɔ hɔ a wɔhwɛɛ so kyerɛw no wɔ afe 300 ne 101 A.Y.B. ntam hɔ. Ɔbenfo Alan R. Millard a ɔyɛ Mediterranea Apuei fam aman kasa ho nimdefo ne obi a otutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no ka sɛ: “Bible no afã biara a wɔkyerɛw no tete no bi nni hɔ nnɛ.” Ɔde ka ho sɛ: “Aman a ɛbemmɛn hɔ no betumi akyerɛ sɛnea tete akyerɛwfo no yɛɛ wɔn adwuma, na saa nimdeɛ no betumi aboa ma wɔahwehwɛ Hebri kyerɛw nsɛm ne ɛho abakɔsɛm mu.”

Tete Akyerɛwfo no Adwuma

Mfe mpem anan a atwam no, na wɔyɛ abakɔsɛm, nyamesom, mmarasua, nhomasua, ne nhomakyerɛw ho adwuma wɔ Mesopotamia. Akyerɛwfo sukuu nyaa nkɔso, na ade a na wɔkyerɛ wɔ hɔ biako ne sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ nhoma so akyerɛw bi pɛpɛɛpɛ. Babilonfo nkyerɛwee a wɔahwɛ so akyerɛw no mpɛn pii wɔ mfe apem anaa nea ɛboro saa mu no mu nsakrae kakraa bi na nnɛyi nhomanimfo ahu.

Ná ɛnyɛ Mesopotamia nko na akyerɛwfo wɔ. Fam a wotutu hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu ho nhoma bi ka sɛ: “Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na obi a ɔyɛ ɔkyerɛwfo a ɔte Babilon wɔ afe 1500 A.Y.B. no nim akwan a na wɔfa so sua ade wɔ akyerɛwfo asuae ahorow a na ɛwɔ Mesopotamia, Siria, Kanaan, ne mpo Misraim no mu biara.” *—The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East.

Wɔ Mose bere so no, na wobu akyerɛwfo adwuma no sɛ adwuma a nidi wom wɔ Misraim. Ná akyerɛwfo no hwɛ nhoma a ɛwɔ hɔ so kyerɛw bi bere nyinaa. Wohu dwumadi a  ɛte saa wɔ adwinni a wɔadi agu Misrifo aboda a adi boro mfe mpem anan no ho. Nhoma a yɛafa mu asɛm aka no ka tete akyerɛwfo a wɔtraa ase saa bere no ho asɛm sɛ: “Efi 1999 besi 1001 A.Y.B. no, na wɔahwɛ nhoma ahorow a ɛka Mesopotamia ne Misraim anibue ho asɛm so akyerɛw pii aboaboa ano, na wɔhyehyɛɛ akyerɛwfo adwuma no ho akwankyerɛ ne mmara nso.”

Ná “adwuma no ho akwankyerɛ ne mmara” yi hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde ɔkyerɛwfo no ne nea abopon no yɛ ne dea din, bere a wɔkyerɛwee, baabi a nea wɔhwɛɛ so kyerɛw abopon no fi, nsɛm dodow a ɛwom ne nea ɛkeka ho no hyɛ nhoma a wɔakyerɛw no foforo no akyi. Mpɛn pii no, na ɔkyerɛwfo no de ka ho sɛ: “Wɔhwɛɛ nhoma no ankasa so kyerɛwee de totoo ho.” Saa nsɛm yi kyerɛ sɛ na ɛho hia tete akyerɛwfo no sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛw biribiara pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Ɔbenfo Millard a yɛadi kan afa n’asɛm aka no ka sɛ: “Yebetumi ahu sɛ na akyerɛwfo no wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so kyerɛw nsɛm, a nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wɔde nea wɔhwɛ so no bɛtoto nea wɔakyerɛw no ho na wɔasiesie mu mfomso. Ná saa kwan a wɔfa so yi boa ma mfomso mma wɔn adwuma mu. Masoretefo a wɔtraa ase wɔ Yesu awo akyi bɛyɛ mfe 500 kosi 1500 no nso de ɔkwan a na wɔfa so kenkan nsɛmfua dodow no titiriw yɛɛ adwuma.” Enti wɔ Mose ne Yosua bere so no, na sɛnea wɔhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛw nhoma pɛpɛɛpɛ no yɛ biribi a na aman a ɛwɔ Mediterranea Apuei fam no yɛ dedaw.

So na Israelfo no nso wɔ akyerɛwfo a wɔn ho akokwaw? Dɛn na Bible mu nsɛm ma yehu?

Akyerɛwfo a na Wɔwɔ Tete Israel

Mose nyinii wɔ Farao fie. (Exodus 2:10; Asomafo Nnwuma 7:21, 22) Wɔn a wosua tete Misraim ho ade ka sɛ, Mose suaa sɛnea wɔkenkan na wɔkyerɛw Misrifo nhoma ne sɛnea na akyerɛwfo no yɛ wɔn adwuma nso ho biribi wɔ ne nhomasua mu. Ɔbenfo James K. Hoffmeier kae wɔ ne nhoma Israel in Egypt mu sɛ: “Adanse wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nea Bible ka fa Mose ho sɛ na onim sɛnea wɔkyerɛw nsɛm a esisi, sɛnea  wɔboaboa akwantu ho nsɛm ano, ne akyerɛwfo nnwuma afoforo nso no yɛ nokware.” *

Bible ka nnipa afoforo a wɔtraa ase wɔ tete Israel a na wonim akyerɛw ho asɛm. Bible ho nhoma bi kyerɛ sɛ, Mose “paw ahwɛfo a na wonim akenkan ne akyerɛw . . . sɛ wɔnyɛ gyinaesi ahorow ho kyerɛwtohɔ, na wɔmfa akwankyerɛ mma.” (The Cambridge History of the Bible) Eyi gyina asɛm a ɛwɔ Deuteronomium 1:15 so. Ɛhɔ ka sɛ: “Ɛnna [me Mose] mede mo mmusuakuw mu atitiriw, . . . misisii mo so atitiriw, apem apem so mpanyin ne ɔha ɔha so mpanyin ne aduonum aduonum so mpanyin ne du du so mpanyin ne mo mmusuakuw so ahwɛfo.” Ná henanom ne ahwɛfo yi?

Hebri asɛmfua a wɔkyerɛ ase “ahwɛfo” no pue mpɛn pii wɔ kyerɛw nsɛm a ɛfa Mose ne Yosua bere so ho no mu. Nhomanimfo ahorow kyerɛ sɛ asɛmfua yi kyerɛ “ɔkyerɛwfo,” “obi a ‘ɔkyerɛw’ nsɛm anaa ɔyɛ ‘kyerɛwtohɔ’” ne “otitiriw a na ɔyɛ ɔtemmufo kyerɛwfo.” Sɛnea Hebri asɛmfua yi pue mpɛn pii no kyerɛ sɛ na akyerɛwfo a wɔte saa dodow bi wɔ Israel, na na wɔn nnwuma dɔɔso bere a wɔkyekyee ɔman no foforo no.

Nhwɛso a ɛto so abiɛsa no fa Israel asɔfo ho. Encyclopaedia Judaica no ka sɛ na wɔn “asɔfodwuma ne nnwuma afoforo a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔman no mu no hwehwɛ sɛ wohu akenkan ne akyerɛw.” Sɛ nhwɛso no, Mose hyɛɛ Lewi mma no sɛ: “Daa mfirihyia ason awiei, . . . kenkan mmara yi, Israel nyinaa anim.” Asɔfo no na na wɔhwɛ Mmara a wɔakyerɛw no so. Wɔn na na wɔwɔ tumi sɛ wɔma wɔkyerɛw foforo ka ho na wɔhwɛ ne kyerɛw no so nso.—Deuteronomium 17:18, 19; 31:10, 11.

Susuw sɛnea wɔhwɛɛ Mmara a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no so kyerɛw bi nea edi kan koraa no ho hwɛ. Aka bosome biako ma Mose awu no, ɔka kyerɛɛ Israelfo no sɛ: “Da a mubetwa Yordan akɔ asase a [Yehowa, NW] wo Nyankopɔn de rema wo no so no, fa abo akɛse sisi hɔ, na fa akado sra ho, na kyerɛw mmara yi mu nsɛm nyinaa gu so.” (Deuteronomium 27:1-4) Bere a Israelfo no sɛee Yeriko ne Ai wiei no, wɔboaa wɔn ho ano wɔ Ebal Bepɔw a na ɛwɔ Bɔhyɛ Asase no mfinimfini no so. Ɛhɔ na Yosua kyerɛw afɔremuka a wɔde abo asi no so sɛ, “Mose mmara ntimu.” (Yosua 8:30-32) Nkyerɛwee a ɛte saa no kyerɛ sɛ na wɔwɔ akyerɛwfo ne akenkanfo. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ na tete Israelfo no wɔ kasa ho nimdeɛ a ɛbɛma wɔatumi akora kyerɛw nsɛm no so pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Sɛnea Kyerɛwnsɛm no Di Mũ

Wɔ Mose ne Yosua bere so akyi no, wɔyɛɛ nhoma mmobɔwee afoforo wɔ Hebri kasa mu, na wɔhwɛɛ so kyerɛw bi. Bere a nea wɔkyerɛwee yi sɛee anaa ɛbɔɔ ntuw no, na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ bi hyɛ ananmu. Nhomakyerɛw yi kɔɔ so mfehaha pii.

Ɛmfa ho sɛ nnipa a wɔhwɛɛ Bible so kyerɛw bi no yɛɛ ahwɛyiye no, mfomso bi baa mu. Nanso, so akyerɛwfo no mfomso no yɛ nea na ɛboro so a ɛsesaa Bible mu nsɛm no? Dabi. Wɔde tete nsaano nkyerɛwee atoto ho ahwɛ ma ada adi sɛ mfomso yi nyɛ nea ɛboro so biara a ɛsesa ntease a ɛwɔ Bible mu no.

Wɔ Kristofo fam no, adwene a na Yesu Kristo kura wɔ Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no ho no si so dua sɛ Kyerɛw Kronkron no di mũ. Nsɛm bi te sɛ “Monkenkan wɔ Mose nhoma no mu?” ne “Mose na ɔmaa mo Mmara no, ɛnte saa?” no kyerɛ sɛ na Yesu bu Bible mu nhoma a na ɛwɔ hɔ bere a ɔwɔ asase so no sɛ edi mũ. (Marko 12:26; Yohane 7:19) Bio nso, Yesu dii Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no nyinaa ho adanse bere a ɔkaa eyi no: “Etwa sɛ nea wɔakyerɛw afa me ho wɔ Mose mmara ne Adiyifo no ne Nnwom no mu nyinaa ba mu.”—Luka 24:44.

Enti yebetumi anya ahotoso sɛ wɔahwɛ Kyerɛw Kronkron no so akyerɛw no pɛpɛɛpɛ fi teteete. Saa pɛpɛɛpɛ na Onyankopɔn honhom kaa odiyifo Yesaia ma ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “Wura guan, nhwiren twam, na yɛn Nyankopɔn asɛm tim hɔ daa.”—Yesaia 40:8.

[Ase hɔ nsɛm]

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 18]

Misrini kyerɛwfo bi a ɔreyɛ n’adwuma

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 19]

Wɔkyerɛw Bible nhoma ahorow a akyɛ paa no wɔ Mose bere so